Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a unique and powerful therapy designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories. Developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987, EMDR has since gained widespread recognition and is now endorsed by numerous institutions, including the American Psychological Association. This article delves into the mechanisms of EMDR, its stages, and its scientific backing.

What is EMDR Therapy?

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy developed to treat individuals who have experienced trauma. Unlike traditional talk therapy, EMDR does not primarily involve discussion of the traumatic events. Instead, it uses a structured approach where the therapist guides the client's eye movements while the client recalls distressing memories. The goal is to facilitate the adaptive processing of these memories, reducing their emotional impact and promoting psychological healing.

EMDR is recognized by the American Psychological Association and the World Health Organization as an effective treatment for trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The Science Behind EMDR

Understanding how EMDR works involves delving into the realms of neuroscience and cognitive psychology. EMDR leverages the brain's natural healing processes, which is thought to be similar to the mechanisms involved in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. According to the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, the therapy aids in reprocessing traumatic memories to a less disturbing state by facilitating changes in the way these memories are stored in the brain's network.

The Eight Phases of EMDR Therapy

EMDR therapy unfolds through eight well-defined phases, each critical to the therapeutic process. According to research published in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, these phases collectively aim to desensitize and reprocess traumatic memories.

History Taking and Treatment Planning

The first phase involves gathering a comprehensive history and identifying target memories for treatment. The therapist assesses the client's readiness and formulates a treatment plan tailored to the client's needs.

Preparation

During this phase, the therapist explains the EMDR process and techniques to the client, preparing them for the upcoming sessions. This phase is crucial for building trust and ensuring that the client understands what to expect.

Assessment

The therapist identifies specific aspects of each target memory, including the visual image, negative beliefs, and physical sensations associated with the memory. The client rates the intensity of these aspects on a subjective units of distress scale (SUDS).

Desensitization

This phase involves the core of EMDR therapy. The therapist guides the client through sets of bilateral stimulation (typically, guided eye movements, but sometimes tapping or auditory tones), while the client focuses on the distressing memory. The goal is to reduce the emotional charge associated with the memory.

Installation

During the installation phase, the therapist aims to strengthen the client’s positive cognitive belief using bilateral stimulation. For instance, if the initial negative belief was "I am powerless", the positive belief might be "I am strong and capable."

Body Scan

The therapist asks the client to focus on sensations in the body while thinking about the positive belief and the target memory. The goal is to identify and process any residual physical tension or discomfort.

Closure

Each EMDR session includes a closure phase to ensure that the client returns to a state of equilibrium before ending the session. Techniques for self-soothing and stress reduction may be taught and practiced during this phase.

Reevaluation

In the reevaluation phase, at the start of new sessions, the therapist assesses the progress made in previous sessions and plans future sessions accordingly.

How does EMDR work?

EMDR’s efficacy lies in its unique mechanism of action, which blends aspects of various therapeutic modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy. The exact mechanism is still under scientific investigation, but several theories have been proposed:

1. Adaptive Information Processing Model: Proposed by Shapiro, this model suggests that EMDR helps reprocess traumatic memories by assimilating them into the brain's adaptive information network. Research supports this theory, highlighting changes in how memories are stored post-EMDR.
2. Working Memory Hypothesis: EMDR engages working memory by requiring clients to recall distressing memories while simultaneously performing eye movements. This dual-task engagement is thought to reduce the vividness and emotional intensity of the traumatic memories (Journal of Anxiety Disorders).

Bilateral Stimulation and Neuroplasticity: Bilateral stimulation, such as eye movements, is believed to induce neuroplasticity, facilitating the brain's capacity to form new neural connections and rewire itself in a more adaptive manner (Nature Reviews Neuroscience).

Applicability and Effectiveness

EMDR has shown efficacy in treating not only PTSD but also other conditions like anxiety, depression, and phobias. A meta-analysis published in JAMA Psychiatry found EMDR to be highly effective for PTSD. The therapy is also supported by the U.K. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

Moreover, studies have shown that EMDR can achieve results in a shorter time frame than some other modalities, making it a viable option for those seeking efficient therapeutic results.

Getting Started with EMDR

If you're considering EMDR therapy, it's essential to find a qualified and experienced therapist. At Innerwell, we offer bespoke EMDR treatment from licensed experts who continuously optimize care based on mood and symptom tracking. You can read more about our offerings here.

By understanding EMDR therapy's structure, mechanisms, and scientifically backed effectiveness, individuals can make informed decisions about integrating this transformative therapy into their mental health journey.

Take the first step towards healing by signing up for a virtual screening with one of our licensed EMDR therapists, and you can begin your personalized treatment program within a week.